Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood.

Molecular Formula of Citric Acid Monohydrate:
C6H8O7.H2O

Molecular Structure

MolecularWeight
210.138 g/mol

Applications:

• Citric acid is a naturally occurring fruit acid, produced commercially by microbial fermentation of a carbohydrate substrate.
• Citric acid is the most widely used organic acid and pH-control agent in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals and technical applications.
• Citric acid monohydrate occurs as colourless crystals or as white, crystalline powder with a strongly acidic taste. It is efflorescent in dry air, very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 %) and sparingly soluble in ether.
• Citric acid monohydrate is non-toxic and has a low reactivity. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. Citric acid monohydrate is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharidewith many industrial uses, including as a common food additive. It is an effective thickening agent and stabilizer to prevent ingredients from separating. It can be produced from simple sugars using a fermentation process, and derives its name from the species of bacteria used, Xanthomonas campestris.

Molecular Formula of Xanthan Gum:

C35H49O29

Molecular Structure:

Applications:

• Xanthan gum, 1%, can produce a significant increase in the viscosity of a liquid.^[4]
• In foods, xanthan gum is common in salad dressings and sauces. It helps to prevent oil separation by stabilizing the emulsion, although it is not an emulsifier. Xanthan gum also helps suspend solid particles, such as spices. Xanthan gum helps create the desired texture in many ice creams. Toothpaste often contains xanthan gum as a binder to keep the product uniform. Xanthan gum also helps thicken commercial egg substitutes made from egg whites, to replace the fat and emulsifiers found in yolks. It is also a preferred method of thickening liquids for those with swallowing disorders, since it does not change the color or flavor of foods or beverages at typical use levels.^[5] In gluten-free baking xanthan gum is used to give the dough or batter the stickiness that would otherwise be achieved with gluten. In most foods, it is used at concentrations of 0.5% or less. Xanthan gum is used in wide range food products, such as sauces, dressings, meat and poultry products, bakery products, confectionery products, beverages, dairy products, others.
• In the oil industry, xanthan gum is used in large quantities to thicken drilling mud.^[6] These fluids serve to carry the solids cut by the drilling bit back to the surface. Xanthan gum provides great “low end” rheology. When the circulation stops, the solids still remain suspended in the drilling fluid. The widespread use of horizontal drilling and the demand for good control of drilled solids has led to its expanded use. It has also been added to concrete poured underwater, to increase its viscosity and prevent washout.
• In cosmetics, xanthan gum is used to prepare water gels, usually in conjunction with bentonite clays. It is also used in oil-in-water emulsions to help stabilize the oil droplets against coalescence. It has some skin hydrating properties. Xanthan gum is a common ingredient in fake blood recipes, and in gunge/slime.

Sodium Benzoate is a widely used food preservative with an E number of E211. It is the sodium form of Benzoic Acid and exists in the form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid.

Molecular Formula of Sodium Benzoate

NaC₇H₅O₂

Molecular Structure:

Molecular Weight:

144.10 g·mol⁻¹

Applications:

• Preservative
• Pharmaceutical Applications
• Used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder that emits a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.

Propylene Glycol is a synthetic organic compound.

It is a viscous, colourless liquid which is nearly odourless but possesses faintly sweet taste.

It is miscible with solvents such as water, acetone and chloroform.

Molecular Formula of Propylene Glycol:

C3H8O2

Molecular Structure:

Molecular Weight:

76.09 g/mol

Applications:

• It is produced on large scale and is primarily used in the production of polymers.
• It is used as a process fluid in low-temperature heat-exchange applications.
• It is used in edible items such as coffee-based drinks, liquid sweeteners, ice cream, whipped dairy products and soda.
• In alcohol based hand sanitizers it is used as a humectant to prevent the skin from drying.
• It is able to lower the freezing point of water, so it is used as an aircraft de-icing fluid.
• It is used as a solvent in many pharmaceuticals including oral, injectable and topical formulations such as for diazepam, lorazepam which are insoluble in water.
• Certain formulations of artificial tears such as Systane uses Propylene Glycol as an ingredient.

Phthalic Anhydride is a principal commercial form of Phthalic Acid. It was the first anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid to be used commercially.

This colourless solid is an important industrial chemical, especially for the large scale production of plasticizers for plastics.

Molecular Formula of Phthalic Anhydride

C6H4(CO)₂O

Molecular Structure

Molecular Weight

148.1 g/mol

Applications:

• Phthalate esters plasticizers.
• Precursors to dye stuff.
• Pharmaceuticals.

Phosphoric Acid also known as Orthophosphoric Acid is a weak acid. It is a non-toxic acid which when pure is a solid at room temperature and pressure.

The most common source of Phosphoric acid is an 85% aqueous solution; such solutions are colourless, odourless, tasteless and non-volatile.

Molecular Formula of Phosphoric Acid:

H3PO4

Molecular Structure:

Molecular Weight:

98 g/mol

Applications:

• Soaps and Detergents
• Food Industry
• Water Treatments
• Toothpastes

MSG is a sodium salt of amino acid that enhances a flavour of certain foods. It does not enhance the four basic taste (bitter, salty, sour, sweet) but it does enhance the complex flavours of meat, poultry, seafood and vegetables. It is naturally present at high levels in tomatoes and Parmesan cheese.

Molecular Formula of Citric Acid Monohydrate:

C5H8NO4Na

Molecular Structure

MolecularWeight

169.111 g/mol

Applications:

In Food

Monosodium Glutamate E621 is widely used as flavour enhancer in food such as in sausage, canned vegetables, soups and processed meats, Potato chips, frozen dinners, cold cuts, gravies, ranch dressing, salty flavoured snacks.

In Beverage

Monosodium Glutamate E621 is used as flavour enhancer in beverage such as in soy sauce and cheese to improve flavour.

Malic acid is an organic compound. It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.

Molecular Formula of Malic Acid

C4H6O5

Molecular Structure:

Molecular Weight:

134.0874 g/mol

Applications:

Malic acid is the main acid in many fruits including apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, peaches, etc.

Hydrogen Peroxide is a chemical compound. In its pure form, it is a pale blue, clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water. Hydrogen Peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in presence of light. Because of its instability Hydrogen Peroxide is stored with a stabilizer in a weakly acidic solution. It is found in biological systems including Human bodies.

Molecular Formula of Hydrogen Peroxide:

H2O2

Molecular Structure:

Molecular Weight:

34.0147 g/mol

Applications:

• Bleaching
• Detergent
• Production of Organic Compounds
• Disinfectant
• Cosmetic Applications
• Use in alternative medicines
• Propellant
• Glow sticks
• Horticulture

Glycerine also known as Glycerol is a simple polyol compound.

It is colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.

It has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature.

Molecular Formula of Glycerine

C3H8O3

Molecular Structure:

Molecular Weight

92.09382 g/mol

Applications:

• Food industry
• Medical, Pharmaceutical and Personal care Applications
• Botanical Extracts
• Electronic Cigarrete liquid
• Antifreeze
• Chemical Intermediate
• Internal Combustion Fuel